Insect mutualisms buffer warming effects on multiple trophic levels
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
The evolution of plant-insect mutualisms.
Mutualisms (cooperative interactions between species) have had a central role in the generation and maintenance of life on earth. Insects and plants are involved in diverse forms of mutualism. Here we review evolutionary features of three prominent insect-plant mutualisms: pollination, protection and seed dispersal. We focus on addressing five central phenomena: evolutionary origins and mainten...
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Species experience landscapes differently depending on their needs and behaviors, and on their trophic level. We expect species at high trophic levels in a community to be more sensitive to habitat fragmentation than species at lower trophic levels. But this depends on attributes such as resource breadth, dispersiveness, reproductive rate, and longevity, which may not be related to trophic leve...
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The ongoing loss of predators is changing the composition of food webs, with largely un known consequences. In particular, the effects of multiple fish predators on food webs are difficult to predict due to the prevalence of omnivory and intra guild predation. At the same time, many ecosystems experience high nutrient loads that fuel food webs from the bottom up. To test the combined effects of...
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Ecosystems can alternate suddenly between contrasting persistent states due to internal processes or external drivers. It is important to understand the mechanisms by which these shifts occur, especially in exploited ecosystems. There have been several abrupt marine ecosystem shifts attributed either to fishing, recent climate change or a combination of these two drivers. We show that temperatu...
متن کاملMultiple mutualist effects: conflict and synergy in multispecies mutualisms.
Most organisms interact with multiple mutualistic species that confer different functional benefits, yet current conceptual frameworks do not fully address this complexity. A network approach considers multiple mutualistic interactions within a functional type and has been largely nonmechanistic, with little attention to the fitness consequences of specific interactions. Alternatively, consumer...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Ecology
سال: 2014
ISSN: 0012-9658
DOI: 10.1890/13-0760.1